Ghada Ismail

Starting a company usually means dealing with uncertainty from day one. There is no guaranteed market, no perfect product, and often no clear answer to what comes next. This is exactly where an Entrepreneur-in-Residence (EIR) can make a difference.

An EIR is an experienced entrepreneur who temporarily joins an organization such as a venture capital firm, accelerator, incubator, university, or large company. The idea is fairly simple: bring someone with real experience of building businesses into an environment where new ideas are being explored.

But an EIR is not just another adviser sitting in meetings and giving founders advice. Depending on the organization, they may be expected to find a business opportunity, test an idea, work with startups, build a product, or even create a new company.

So, What Does an EIR Actually Do?

There is no single job description for an Entrepreneur-in-Residence. The role can look very different from one organization to another.

At a venture capital firm, an EIR might spend time looking at new markets and technologies, meeting founders, helping portfolio companies, or developing a startup idea that the firm believes could have potential.

In other cases, the EIR may already have an idea. The organization provides access to its network, resources, funding, or expertise while the entrepreneur works on turning that idea into something viable.

EIR vs. Consultant: What’s the Difference?

The two roles can sound similar, but there is an important distinction. A consultant is usually brought in to solve a specific problem. They analyze the situation, provide recommendations, and move on to the next project. An EIR is generally much closer to the building process. They might spot an opportunity, test whether customers actually want the product, find potential co-founders, develop an early version of the business, and eventually launch it.

In other words, a consultant is often paid to advise, while an EIR may be expected to build.

Why Are Venture Capital Firms Interested in EIRs?

For VC firms, an EIR can be a way to create opportunities rather than simply wait for founders to walk through the door.

Experienced entrepreneurs often know how to recognize problems worth solving. They also understand what it takes to turn an early idea into a company. By bringing these people into the firm, investors can explore new sectors and business models from the inside.

There is another advantage: relationships.

An experienced entrepreneur usually brings a network of founders, engineers, executives, investors, and industry specialists. That network can be valuable when an idea starts moving from the whiteboard to the real world.

What Makes a Good EIR?

Being a successful founder is helpful, but it is not enough.

A good EIR needs to be comfortable with uncertainty. They need to know how to ask the right questions, test assumptions quickly, and recognize when an idea is not working.

Curiosity is just as important as experience. Markets change, technologies evolve, and what worked for a previous startup may not work for the next one.

Most importantly, an EIR needs to be willing to get their hands dirty. Building a company involves far more than having a good idea. It means speaking to customers, testing products, recruiting people, changing direction, and sometimes starting over.

To Wrap Things Up…

An Entrepreneur-in-Residence is essentially an experienced builder given the time, space, and resources to explore what could come next. For investors and organizations, it can be a way to uncover new opportunities while bringing entrepreneurial experience closer to the decision-making process. For entrepreneurs, it offers a chance to explore their next move without having to start entirely from zero.

As startup ecosystems become more sophisticated, the EIR model offers an interesting middle ground between building, investing, and exploring.

Noha Gad

High Net Worth Individuals (HNWIs) occupy a unique space in the financial ecosystem, sitting at the intersection of private wealth and public consequence. Yet, for all their visibility in luxury markets and investment circles, their decision-making processes remain widely misunderstood. Today's HNWIs are navigating a world of increased regulatory scrutiny, shifting family dynamics, and a growing expectation to use their resources deliberately.

For many high-net-worth individuals, the central question changes once wealth has been created. Instead of focusing only on earning more, they must decide how to protect capital, diversify investments, manage risk, maintain liquidity, and pass wealth on responsibly. For example, a successful entrepreneur who has sold a business may suddenly move from having most of their wealth tied to one company to managing a large pool of investable assets. That transition requires a very different mindset, one centered on long-term planning rather than short-term growth alone.

Who is a high-net-worth individual?

A high-net-worth individual is someone with liquid assets of at least $1 million in investable or liquid assets, excluding their primary residence. Liquid assets held by HNWIs include cash and investments that can be easily liquidated or converted to cash, including stocks. These individuals need and receive tailored financial and money management services due to their net worth.

HNWI individuals may demand and can justify personalized investment management, estate planning, and tax planning services. They generally qualify for separately managed investment accounts rather than mutual funds.

These individuals may get various benefits from financial institutions. For instance, they may qualify for banking, investment, and other financial services with reduced fees, discounts, and special rates, in addition to access to special events and perks.

How do HNWIs invest?

High-net-worth individuals do not necessarily invest according to an entirely different set of financial principles. Diversification, risk management, liquidity, and long-term discipline remain important for every investor; however, the size and structure of their wealth often give HNWIs access to a broader range of opportunities.

HNWIs’ portfolios may need to support a business, preserve family wealth, generate recurring income, fund philanthropic goals, and prepare for the transfer of assets to future generations. Accordingly, investment strategy becomes less about selecting a single high-performing asset and more about building a resilient system of assets that work together.

Many HNWIs hold a core portfolio of traditional investments, including public equities, bonds, cash, and real estate. However, wealthy investors may also allocate part of their capital to private-market opportunities that are less accessible to the average investor. This includes private equity investments in established, non-listed companies; venture capital investments in startups and high-growth businesses; commercial real estate and development projects; hedge funds; and more.

Types of High-Net-Worth Individuals 

HNWIs can be divided into several different categories. Where they fall depends on how much they are worth:

• Sub-HNWI: An individual with more than $100,000 but less than $1 million
• Very-HNWI: An individual whose net worth is at least $1 million
• Mid-Tier HNWI or Mid-Tier Millionaire: An individual whose net worth is between $5 million and $30 million in investable assets.
• Ultra-HNWI: An individual who holds $30 million or more in investable assets and sits at the highest end of the standard HNWI classification framework.

Finally, the wealth of high-net-worth individuals can provide access to specialized investment opportunities, private-banking services, and sophisticated financial structures; however, it brings greater responsibility. Managing substantial wealth requires more than identifying attractive investments; it demands a clear strategy for preserving capital, maintaining liquidity, reducing concentration risk, and preparing for uncertainty.

For HNWIs, the financial journey often changes after wealth has been created. Over time, protecting that wealth becomes just as important as growing it. This often involves diversifying across asset classes and geographies, balancing liquid and long-term investments, and seeking professional support in areas such as estate planning, tax coordination, and family governance.

Ghada Ismail

Saudi Arabia’s long-established relationship with precious metals is entering a new digital phase. As financial technology reshapes the way consumers save, invest, and manage wealth, gold is increasingly moving beyond traditional jewelry markets and physical bullion transactions into digital platforms and banking channels.

The emergence of digital gold services is creating a new intersection between fintech, wealth management, and precious-metals markets. Consumers can increasingly purchase gold digitally, track their holdings, automate savings, and, in some cases, convert digital ownership into physical metal. At the same time, the expansion of these services from fintech startups to major Saudi banks suggests that digital precious-metals investing is evolving from a niche proposition into a broader financial-services category.

The concept behind digital gold is relatively straightforward. Instead of requiring consumers to purchase and physically store a gold bar, digital platforms allow them to acquire ownership of gold while managing their holdings through a mobile application or digital banking platform.

This can lower the traditional barriers associated with precious-metals investment, particularly for consumers who may want to build their holdings gradually rather than make a large one-time purchase.

Startups adopting digital gold trading

GrowK is one example of this model in Saudi Arabia. The platform allows users to save in 24-karat digital gold, with automated savings options that can be structured on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. It also allows users to buy, sell, and monitor their gold holdings digitally.

The significance of such a model goes beyond convenience. By introducing automated and recurring purchases, platforms can transform gold from an asset typically purchased periodically into a digital savings product.

This is where the model begins to resemble fintech.

Rather than simply digitizing the traditional gold-buying process, digital platforms can introduce features that are familiar from modern financial applications, including automated saving, portfolio monitoring, real-time pricing, and fractional ownership.

Banks are validating the model

The development is not limited to startups.

Saudi Arabia’s established banking sector is also incorporating precious metals into its digital financial services, potentially giving the category a much broader consumer reach.

SNB’s Gold Account enables customers to buy and sell investment-grade gold through the bank’s digital channels, including SNB Mobile and AlAhliOnline. The bank states that its gold is 999.9 purity and provides customers with the option of requesting physical gold bars through selected branches.

The model effectively combines digital access with physical ownership. Customers can manage their gold electronically while retaining a pathway to physical bullion.

Al Rajhi Bank’s Gold Wallet follows a similar approach, allowing customers to buy, sell, and store gold digitally while monitoring gold prices and managing their holdings through the bank’s digital ecosystem.

The involvement of major banks is significant because it moves digital gold beyond the realm of specialist investment applications.

When precious metals become integrated into mainstream digital banking, consumers can potentially view gold alongside their other financial products rather than as a separate physical asset requiring a visit to a jeweler or bullion dealer.

The infrastructure opportunity

While consumer-facing applications are attracting attention, another part of the market is developing behind the scenes.

Nexus Global’s Mithqal is designed as infrastructure for banks, fintech companies, wealth managers, and other institutions seeking to offer digital precious-metals products.

The platform provides capabilities related to digital gold accounts, metal wallets, pricing, trading, physical allocation, custody, settlement, and reporting. Its offering also extends beyond gold to other precious metals, including silver and platinum.

This infrastructure layer could become particularly important as demand grows.

Rather than every financial institution building its own technology and operational infrastructure for precious-metals products, platforms such as Mithqal can potentially provide the underlying technology needed to bring these services to market.

This mirrors developments elsewhere in fintech.

Payments infrastructure enabled companies to build digital wallets and payment applications without developing payment rails from scratch. Banking infrastructure has similarly allowed fintech companies to launch financial products without building a complete banking system.

Precious-metals infrastructure could play a comparable role, creating the technological rails for a broader digital bullion ecosystem.

Why gold, and why now?

Saudi Arabia has a particularly strong foundation for this market because gold already occupies an important position in the country’s consumer and investment culture.

The World Gold Council reported that Saudi Arabia’s bar and coin investment demand increased from 15.5 tons in 2024 to 17.5 tons in 2025, representing a 13% increase. Saudi Arabia was also the largest bar and coin investment market in the GCC during 2025.

At the same time, jewelry demand declined. Saudi jewelry consumption fell 10% to 44 tons in 2025, while its value declined 28% to $8.9 billion, according to the World Gold Council.

The shift is important because it suggests that high gold prices may be changing how consumers approach the metal.

Rather than purchasing gold primarily as jewelry, some consumers may increasingly view it through an investment lens.

Digital platforms are well positioned to serve this behavior because they can make smaller purchases more accessible.

The same consumer who may find a large physical gold purchase expensive can potentially accumulate smaller quantities over time.

Silver could expand the opportunity

Gold is likely to remain the primary asset in the digital precious-metals market, but silver could provide the next stage of growth.

Silver has a different investment profile from gold. Alongside its role as a precious metal, it has significant industrial applications, including electronics, solar technology, and manufacturing.

That gives digital platforms an opportunity to move beyond single-asset products toward multi-metal investment portfolios.

A consumer could eventually use one application to allocate a monthly amount between gold and silver, monitor the performance of both assets, and potentially redeem holdings physically.

This would represent a significant evolution from the concept of a digital gold wallet.

It would become a digital precious-metals portfolio, combining the accessibility of fintech with the characteristics of physical commodities.

Trust will determine the winners

Despite the opportunity, digital precious-metals platforms face a fundamental challenge, which is trust.

When a customer sees one gram of gold displayed in an application, they need to know exactly what that balance represents.

Is the gold physically allocated? Where is it stored? Who is responsible for custody? Is the inventory independently verified? Can the customer redeem the gold? What are the transaction spreads, storage fees, and withdrawal costs?

These questions become particularly important as the market expands beyond established banks and into startups and specialist platforms.

Regulatory clarity will also matter.

The distinction between a platform facilitating the purchase and custody of physical precious metals and one offering investment products or regulated capital-market activities can be significant.

For companies operating in this space, regulatory compliance could therefore become a competitive advantage rather than simply a legal requirement.

The strongest platforms will likely be those that combine technology with transparent ownership structures, credible custody arrangements, clear pricing, robust compliance, and reliable physical redemption mechanisms.

Is digital gold the new fintech?

The answer depends on how “new fintech” is defined.

Digital precious metals are unlikely to replace the established pillars of Saudi fintech, such as payments, lending, insurance, and financial infrastructure.

But they could represent something equally important: the next stage of Saudi wealthtech.

The Kingdom’s fintech market is gradually moving beyond simply making financial transactions digital toward helping consumers save, invest, and manage their wealth through technology.

Gold provides an unusual advantage in this transition.

Unlike many emerging financial products, it does not require consumers to understand an entirely new asset. Gold is already familiar. The innovation lies in changing how consumers access, accumulate, manage, and potentially redeem it.

The four Saudi examples illustrate the different layers of this emerging ecosystem. Together, they suggest that digital precious metals are developing into something broader than a collection of investment apps.

The next opportunity could be the creation of a fully integrated digital commodities ecosystem in which consumers can save in gold, diversify into silver, automate purchases, monitor portfolios, and access physical assets through a single digital experience.

For Saudi Arabia, the opportunity is particularly compelling because the digital future is being built around an asset with a very long history.

Gold may be one of the oldest stores of wealth, but the way Saudi consumers own it could be entering a distinctly digital era.

By: Christian Reilly, Field CTO EMEA at Cloudflare

Artificial intelligence has rapidly moved from experimentation to strategic priority. Across the Middle East and Africa, governments, financial institutions, telecommunications providers, and enterprises are investing heavily in AI to improve efficiency, enhance customer experiences, and unlock new growth opportunities. From national AI strategies and smart city initiatives to AI-powered customer service and operational automation, organizations are increasingly viewing AI as a critical driver of competitiveness.

Yet despite the enthusiasm and investment surrounding AI, many initiatives fail to deliver meaningful business outcomes. While pilot projects often demonstrate promising results, organizations frequently struggle to move beyond proof-of-concepts and scale AI across the enterprise. The challenge is rarely a shortage of data, talent, or ambition. More often, the real obstacle lies in the technology environment supporting these initiatives.

Legacy applications, fragmented infrastructure, and accumulated technical debt are preventing many organizations from realizing the full value of AI.

The Foundation Problem Most AI Strategies Overlook

Much of the conversation around AI focuses on models, algorithms, and use cases. However, AI success depends just as much on the underlying technology foundation as it does on the AI itself.

AI workloads require fast access to data, scalable infrastructure, seamless connectivity between applications, and the ability to process information in real time. Many existing enterprise environments were not designed for these requirements. Instead, they were built to support traditional business applications, often through architectures that have evolved over many years.

As organizations attempt to integrate AI into these environments, they encounter challenges that slow progress and increase costs. What begins as an innovative AI initiative can quickly become a complex modernization project involving application integration, infrastructure upgrades, security enhancements, and data transformation.

This issue is particularly relevant in the Middle East and Africa, where many organizations are simultaneously pursuing ambitious digital transformation goals while managing long-established technology environments. While modernization efforts have accelerated significantly in recent years, critical business processes often continue to depend on legacy systems that were never designed to support AI-driven operations.

When Technical Debt Becomes a Business Challenge

Technical debt has traditionally been viewed as an IT concern. In today's AI-driven economy, it has become a strategic business challenge.

Many technology teams spend considerable time maintaining aging applications, resolving system issues, and managing complex integrations. These activities consume resources that could otherwise be focused on innovation and AI deployment.

The result is what many organizations are beginning to experience as an innovation tax. Instead of investing time in creating new AI-enabled services, teams are forced to devote significant effort to making existing systems work together.

As AI initiatives expand, this burden grows. New applications introduce additional data requirements, integration points, security controls, and operational complexity. Without a clear modernization strategy, organizations risk creating even more fragmented environments that become increasingly difficult to manage.

The organizations achieving the greatest returns from AI are often not those spending the most on technology. They are the ones that have simplified their environments and created a foundation capable of supporting innovation at scale.

Data Silos Continue to Hold Back AI Progress

AI depends on access to high-quality, connected, and consistent data. Unfortunately, this remains one of the biggest challenges facing many organizations.

Over time, businesses often accumulate multiple applications, platforms, and databases that operate independently of one another. Information becomes trapped within departmental systems, creating data silos that limit visibility and reduce operational efficiency.

For AI initiatives, these silos create significant obstacles. Models require access to reliable information from across the organization to deliver meaningful insights and accurate outcomes. When data is fragmented, incomplete, or inconsistent, AI performance suffers.

This challenge is becoming increasingly important as organizations across the Middle East and Africa continue expanding their digital ecosystems. Cloud platforms, SaaS applications, edge environments, and on-premises systems must work together seamlessly to support modern business operations.

Organizations that successfully connect these environments gain a significant advantage. They can move data more efficiently, accelerate AI deployment, and generate value faster than competitors operating within fragmented infrastructures.

Security Must Be Built Into AI From the Beginning

As organizations scale AI adoption, cybersecurity becomes increasingly important.

AI systems often process sensitive business information and interact with multiple users, applications, and data sources. This expanded connectivity creates new risks that organizations must address proactively.

Many legacy architectures were developed before modern security frameworks such as Zero Trust became widely adopted. As a result, they often struggle to provide the visibility, control, and protection required for today's AI-powered environments.

Security therefore cannot be treated as an afterthought. It must be embedded throughout the AI lifecycle, from development and deployment to operations and governance.

Organizations that integrate security into their architecture from the outset are better positioned to scale AI safely and confidently. Those that attempt to retrofit security controls later often encounter delays, increased costs, and unnecessary risk.

Building a Platform for Long-Term AI Success

Organizations that successfully scale AI tend to share several characteristics. They focus on simplifying complexity, consolidating fragmented environments, and modernizing their infrastructure in parallel with their AI initiatives.

Cloud-native and API-first architectures have become increasingly important because they provide the flexibility, scalability, and connectivity required for modern AI workloads. Integrated platforms also help eliminate operational silos, allowing development, operations, security, and business teams to work from a shared foundation.

Most importantly, successful organizations recognize that AI is not a standalone technology project. It is part of a broader application and business strategy.

The future of AI in the Middle East and Africa will be shaped not only by the sophistication of AI models but by the strength of the digital foundations that support them. Organizations that modernize their infrastructure, reduce complexity, strengthen security, and connect their data environments will be best positioned to transform AI investments into measurable business value.

For many organizations, the path to successful AI adoption does not begin with the model. It begins with the platform on which that model runs.

Noha Gad 

In an era where public sector efficiency and citizen-centric service delivery are primary benchmarks of national progress, digital government has emerged as a critical pillar of administrative modernization. Saudi Arabia stands as a regional leader in this domain, having secured the top position in the Middle East and North Africa in the Government Electronic and Mobile Services (GEMS) Maturity Index for 2025 for the fourth consecutive year, as issued by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). According to the report, the Kingdom achieved a maturity rate of 99% in the overall index assessments, reflecting the sustained maturity of Saudi Arabia’s digital government and its continued progress at the regional level.

The index assessed the maturity of 100 priority government services delivered to individuals and businesses through digital platforms and smart applications, across three sub-indicators. Saudi Arabia achieved 100% in the Service Availability Development indicator, 99% in the Service Usage and User Satisfaction indicator, and 100% in the Public Outreach indicator.

This consistent performance reflects the Kingdom's strategic vision to develop an integrated digital government ecosystem that prioritizes beneficiaries, enhances the competitiveness of the national economy, and improves government performance efficiency through a sustainable approach. Building on this foundational success, the Kingdom is now channeling its digital capabilities into sector-specific transformations—from tourism and healthcare to financial services and human resources—each presenting distinct opportunities and challenges that test the scalability and resilience of the national digital government framework.

The digital government transformation in Saudi Arabia is supported by more than a collection of individual websites and mobile applications. It is built on an integrated national ecosystem that combines unified access points, digital identity, regulatory standards, shared infrastructure, data governance and coordination between government entities. This structure allows ministries and public agencies to deliver services through connected channels rather than operating as isolated digital departments.

The Digital Government Authority (DGA) is the entity responsible for regulating digital government activities. Established in 2021, the authority focuses on several functions, including preparing the national digital government strategy; developing technical standards for government digital transformation models; supervising governance of the government digital cloud activities and clouds related to digital government; building national capacities specialized in digital government, along with other responsibilities. It launched the Digital Government Investment and Procurement Center (SADAF) in 2022 to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the private sector’s participation in digital government projects. SADAF was established to encourage local and foreign investment in digital government, enhance the investment and efficiency of government spending in the field of digital government, improve digital budget planning, and avoid duplication of projects. 

Further, the authority plays a pivotal role in achieving the goals of the National Digital Government Strategy, which sets an ambitious goal that, by 2030, the government will provide world-class digital services that effectively and efficiently meet citizens’ needs. Doing so, the strategy is centered on three key implementation pillars:

• Government-as-a-platform. The DGA promotes a government-as-a-platform model in which shared digital infrastructure, data, and services are provided as reusable components that individual government entities can consume and build upon. This approach reduces duplication, improves consistency, and accelerates the development of new digital services by enabling agencies to leverage common capabilities rather than building from scratch.
• High maturity levels. The Kingdom continuously evaluates government platforms and services via metrics such as the Digital Experience Maturity Index to maintain high maturity levels. This could enhance beneficiary satisfaction, user experience, and tool optimization.
• Institutional coordination. Integrating data across government entities is a critical dimension of DGA’s work, as it enables transactions that previously required citizens to provide the same information to multiple agencies. The development of government data sharing frameworks, standardized data formats, and interoperability protocols enables services to be delivered proactively based on information the government already holds.

Key applications and services

The Saudi digital government ecosystem becomes most visible through the applications and websites that individuals, businesses, residents and visitors use in their daily interactions with public institutions. Clearest examples of this transformation can be found in identity, residency, and public-administration service platforms Absher and Nafath.

Operated by the Ministry of Interior with DGA oversight of standards and interoperability, Absher provides a comprehensive digital interface for citizen and resident interactions with government services. It enables users to manage identity documents, process visa and immigration transactions, handle traffic services, and access a wide range of government services that previously required in-person visits to multiple government offices. The platform’s scope has been progressively expanded to encompass services from additional government entities, creating an increasingly comprehensive single point of access for government interactions.

Meanwhile, Nafath, the national digital identity platform, provides the authentication infrastructure that underpins secure access to government and private sector digital services. It enables citizens and residents to verify their identity through a mobile application, providing the trust layer necessary for high-value digital transactions including financial services, government permits, and legal transactions.

Tourism: Digitizing the Visitor Journey

The tourism sector ecosystem demonstrates how digital government services are helping simplify the visitor journey, from applying for a visa and planning an itinerary to booking accommodation, obtaining permits, and accessing services during the visit.

The official Saudi eVisa portal is one of the most visible examples of the digital transformation in the tourism sector. It allows eligible international visitors to apply online, complete the required information, pay the relevant fees, and receive their tourist visa electronically without visiting a Saudi embassy in person. The visa service is also evolving through the KSA Visa platform, the unified national visa platform launched by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The platform combines visa-related services and connects more than 30 government and private entities, covering tourism, business, Hajj, Umrah and other types of entry visas.

Another key example is Nusuk, the integrated platform for pilgrims and visitors. Overseen by the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, it was developed to help pilgrims and visitors plan and manage their journeys to Makkah, Madinah, and other destinations connected to the pilgrimage experience.

The platform can support several stages of visitors’ journeys, including: applying for or obtaining an electronic visa; planning Umrah visits; booking accommodation, transport, and travel packages; obtaining permits and reservations; booking visits to Al-Rawdah Al-Sharifah; accessing guidance, maps, and information about services; communicating with authorized service providers; and completing payments for selected services.

Advancing healthcare through digital health services

Healthcare is one of the most important areas where Saudi Arabia is using digital platforms to simplify access to medical services, connect patients with healthcare providers, improve preventive care, and support the exchange of health information between institutions. This transformation extends across several stages of the healthcare journey, enabling patients to book appointments, access medical records, review prescriptions, receive virtual consultations, and obtain health information through digital channels. At the institutional level, healthcare providers can use connected systems to manage patient data, coordinate referrals, and deliver specialized services remotely.

The Sehhaty platform is a clear example. Provided by Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Health, the platform brings together a range of health services for individuals and families. This includes arranging medical appointments, selecting a healthcare center and available appointment time; accessing and reviewing medical records, laboratory results, and insurance approvals; and accessing certain virtual healthcare services.

This model improves convenience for patients while helping healthcare providers manage demand more efficiently. It can also reduce missed appointments by allowing users to receive reminders and make changes without contacting a healthcare facility directly.

Digitizing financial services and government transactions

Unlike digital services in other sectors, financial platforms often connect several groups at the same time: government entities, businesses, employees, citizens, residents, and service providers. Digitizing public finance is designed to improve the speed, transparency, and efficiency of government transactions. It covers areas such as budgeting, procurement, government payments, public revenues, employee entitlements, and the electronic payment of government fees. Together, these services help replace paper-based procedures with integrated digital processes that can be monitored and managed more effectively.

The Etimad platform is the most prominent example of digital government in the Saudi financial sector. It provides electronic services to government entities, private-sector companies, and individuals. The platform supports several major areas of public finance, including government budgeting and financial planning, financial claims and invoices, government payments, and employee financial entitlements.

Another example is the e-invoicing system Esal, one of the national systems owned by the Saudi Central Bank (SAMA), providing an integrated solution for business sector invoices in Saudi Arabia. It connects suppliers with buyers and covers the invoice workflow from its presentation to its payment and reconciliation services.​

Esal provides several advantages that meet the needs of the business sector. These include processing multiple forms of invoices, reviewing a summary of beneficiary invoices, automatic reconciliation, and payment as a group, as well as reports on invoices and payments.

Finally, the wide variety of digital government applications and services across different sectors reflects the breadth of Saudi Arabia’s digital transformation and the Kingdom’s excellence in delivering integrated digital government services. These examples demonstrate that the Saudi digital government model extends beyond transferring traditional procedures to websites and mobile applications, relying on a broader ecosystem that combines digital identity, shared infrastructure, data exchange, regulatory standards and institutional coordination. As the Kingdom advances toward the objectives of the National Digital Government Strategy 2030, its success will depend on maintaining service quality, strengthening cybersecurity and data protection, improving interoperability and ensuring digital inclusion. By continuing to develop a proactive and connected government, Saudi Arabia is positioning digital government not only as a tool for administrative modernization, but also as a foundation for economic competitiveness, social development and the broader ambitions of Saudi Vision 2030.